Hello everyone. Today, I will introduce the anatomy of the upper extremity. The upper extremity includes the shoulder, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand. These structures are important for gripping, pushing, pulling, throwing, and supporting body movements. First, the shoulder joint is formed by structures including the humerus, scapula, and clavicle. The glenohumeral joint has a wide range of motion. It allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. The rotator cuff consists of four muscles: the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis. Their main functions are to stabilize the shoulder and assist arm movements. Next is the elbow joint, which mainly involves the humerus, radius, and ulna. It allows the arm to bend and straighten. The radius and ulna also work together to produce forearm pronation and supination, such as turning the palm downward or upward. The forearm contains several flexor and extensor muscles that control wrist and finger movements. The wrist consists of carpal bones, the radius, and the ulna. It allows flexion, extension, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation. The hand contains metacarpal bones, phalanges, and small muscles that are responsible for precise movements and gripping. Common upper extremity sports injuries include rotator cuff injuries, shoulder dislocations, tennis elbow, wrist sprains, and finger contusions. Therefore, understanding the bones, muscles, and joints of the upper extremity helps us identify injuries, understand movement mechanics, and prevent sports-related injuries.

Implemented by Department of Exercise and Health Sciences
Date: 2026/09/17